POTN combines packet and OTN technologies for future-proof transmission. Legacy networks face bandwidth deficiency and network layer optimization challenges. Operators need higher bandwidth for 4G and big data services
USSD enables GSM phones to communicate with network operators' computers. Messages can be up to 182 alphanumeric characters long. Creates real-time connection unlike SMS, enabling faster data exchange. Operates without messaging apps and charges are free
Born in Edinburgh in 1847 to a family of elocutionists. Showed early talent for art, music, and speech. Learned to communicate with deaf mother through finger language. Taught at Weston House Academy and University of Edinburgh
Radio spectrum spans from 3 Hz to 3,000 GHz. ITU regulates radio waves to prevent interference. Spectrum is divided into 12 bands based on wavelength power
FDD divides spectrum by frequency, allowing simultaneous transmission. TDD divides spectrum by time, using same frequency for different directions. Both mechanisms are used in LTE and other wireless technologies
Bluetooth was invented in 1999 by IBM and Ericsson for laptop-phone integration. First version had 10m range and limited transfer speeds. Bluetooth 2.0 introduced EDR and 30m range in 2004. Bluetooth 2.1 added Secure Simple Pairing for improved security