Animal testing involves using non-human animals in controlled experiments. Research occurs in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies. Focus ranges from pure research to practical applications
2003 comedy sequel directed by Charles Herman-Wurmfeld. Shot in Utah and Illinois capitols with scale models. Released July 2, 2003, grossed $125 million worldwide. Received mixed reviews with 36% approval on Rotten Tomatoes
Russell and Burch introduced the Three Rs in 1959 for ethical animal research. Principles consist of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. They aim to improve animal welfare and scientific quality when alternatives aren't possible
Cosmetic animal testing is banned in many countries including EU, UK, India, and Norway. Many companies produce cruelty-free cosmetics without animal testing. "Cruelty-Free Kitty" website assesses which brands are cruelty-free
Many companies continue testing cosmetics on animals despite regulations. EU banned cosmetic testing in UK in 1998, spreading to rest of EU in 2013. Animal testing lacks reproducibility and ethical concerns
In vitro studies use cell cultures outside the body in Petri dishes. Benefits include avoiding animal testing and being cost-effective. Limitations include inability to model complex organ interactions. New technology uses 3D cell growth for better tumor tissue visualization