Espresso English offers weekly online lessons with grammar practice. This free grammar e-book teaches beginner-level grammar topics. The book includes exercises and links to practice materials
Present perfect continuous describes ongoing actions that started in past and continue now. Structure is subject + have/has + been + verb (-ing). Used for actions that started in past and affect present
Conditionals express known truths or hypothetical situations. Sentences typically begin with "if" and have subordinate and main clauses. Comma needed after subordinate clause at beginning, not end
"Be able to" is more specific about ability, while "can" serves multiple functions. "Be able to" can only be used with subjects having abilities. "Can" is more common in everyday conversation
There are two types: defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining clauses describe nouns and are essential for clear understanding. Non-defining clauses add information and can be omitted without confusion
Gerunds and infinitives are essential at B2 level. Gerunds are used after prepositions and as subjects/objects. Infinitives with "to" indicate purpose and after most adjectives. Bare infinitives are used after modal verbs and "why" expressions