Download speed transfers data from internet to device, measured in Mbps. Upload speed transfers data from device to internet, measured in Mbps. FCC minimum broadband standard is 25 Mbps download speed. FCC minimum broadband standard for upload speed is 3 Mbps upstream
WDM enables multiple signals to be transmitted over a single fiber optic cable using different wavelengths. There are two main types: CWDM for shorter distances and DWDM for longer distances. CWDM uses 20 nm spacing, supporting 8-18 channels up to 80km. DWDM uses 50-200 GHz spacing, supporting up to 160 channels up to 120km
Corning's R&D scientists constantly improve WDM technology. Company collaborates closely with customers across fiber and connectivity. Offers industry-leading support services with national contracts
Fiber-optic communication transmits information using light pulses through optical fibers. Fiber offers advantages over electrical cabling for high bandwidth and long distances. Bell Labs achieved record bandwidth-distance product of over 100 petabits/km
Ulexite is a hydrous borate mineral with formula NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O. Forms as silky white crystalline masses or parallel fibers. Named after German chemist Georg Ludwig Ulex, who first discovered it. Contains three structural groups: pentaborate polyanions, calcium polyhedra, and sodium octahedra
A ray is an idealized model of light perpendicular to its wavefronts. Light rays are straight in homogeneous media and curved in changing media. Geometrical optics describes light propagation without wave effects