A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft. It converts circular motion into reciprocating motion with a connecting rod. The arm may be bent or separate from the shaft
Electric machines convert electromagnetic forces into mechanical power. Generators produce 95% of Earth's electric power, motors consume 60%. Machines can be rotating (rotor) or linear (stator)
Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. Energy is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Potential energy depends on position under conservative forces. Kinetic energy depends on speed and is calculated as half mass times square speed
Energy transfers during car crashes between vehicles and stationary objects. Newton's first law states objects remain in motion unless acted upon. Newton's third law explains equal force between colliding objects
Electrochemistry studies electricity generation from chemical reactions. Electrons transfer during oxidation-reduction reactions to produce electricity. Chemical and electrical energy can be converted through electrochemical processes
The Newton's Cradle consists of balls mounted on strings to a common bar. The balls transfer energy when one hits the others. The further the balls are pulled back, the more potential energy they gain