Hand files provide tactile sensation for canal preparation. K-type files are stainless steel with twisted squares. C-files are stiffer for curved and calcified canals. Nickel-titanium files offer increased flexibility and reduced fracture risk
Condensing osteitis appears as radiopacity adjacent to tooth with large restoration. Condition arises from low-grade inflammatory stimulus from tooth pulp. Usually affects young patients in mandibular premolar/molar region. No clinical expansion is evident
Radiation therapy affects both healthy and neoplastic cells in maxillofacial complex. Acute effects include xerostomia, mucositis, and trismus. Late effects include radiation-induced caries and osteoradionecrosis. Osteoradionecrosis affects up to 50% of radiotherapy patients
Working length (WL) is crucial for successful endodontic treatment. Radiographic apex is not always accurate, with less than 50% of cases. Apical constriction (CDJ) is preferred as the termination point. Traditional methods have limitations like variable tooth lengths and operator experience
First endodontic instruments were K-files and reamers by Kerr Manufacturing in 1904. Ingle proposed standardization in 1958, leading to standardized size and color coding. Stainless steel replaced carbon steel in 1961, followed by NiTi alloy development. ISO 3630-1 standardizes endodontic instruments since 2019
Dens invaginatus is a developmental disturbance characterized by enamel invagination. Prevalence ranges from 0.04 to 10 percent in permanent dentition. Occurs 3:1 male-to-female ratio. Most commonly affects maxillary lateral incisors