Leyden jar stores high-voltage electric charge between glass jar and metal foil. Invented independently by von Kleist in 1745 and Musschenbroek in 1745-1746. Nollet promoted it as "Leyden jar" after discovering its working principle
Electricity arises from stationary or moving electric charges. Electrons are fundamental particles carrying negative charge. Electrostatics studies electromagnetic phenomena in static equilibrium
Newton's law of gravity states objects attract based on mass and distance squared. Three laws govern motion: rest, force-momentum relationship, and action-reaction. These principles form basis of classical mechanics
Calculate electric field at point where box has constant volume charge density. No integral evaluation needed
Uniformly charged ring generates electric field along its axis. Field is symmetrical and decreases with distance from ring plane. Field strength depends on charge distribution and ring radius
Coulomb's Law describes electric force between charged objects. Charles Augustin de Coulomb first described force in 1785. Law applies to point charges only in vacuum