Horizon appears flat without visible curvature. Water surfaces appear level. Gravity explained as density differences. No perceptible Earth rotation. Flight paths don't make sense on curved Earth
Flat Earth theory claims Earth is geocentric flat disk, contrary to scientific consensus. Flat earthers often use similar arguments and rely on "Gish gallop" tactics. Theory requires complete elimination of science, including physics and astronomy
Alexander Gleason created a unique world projection in 1892. Map features indicator arms for time measurement. Patent granted November 15, 1892 for time chart device. Map attributed to J.S. Christopher of Modern College, England
Only fourth known example of Gleason's 1892 New Standard Map of the World. Features north-polar azimuthal projection with red horizon ring. Includes rotating indicator arms for time determination. Patent application mentions globe projection but doesn't mention flat Earth
Cultures across history believed Earth was flat and motionless. North Pole was centerpoint with Polaris as stationary star. Sun and Moon revolved around Earth in annual cycles. Southern circumference surrounded by 150-200 foot ice wall
Flat Earth Society founded in 1956, now has over 500 members. Only 1% of Americans believe Earth is flat, according to 2017 poll. Some flat-earthers oppose Flat Earth Society, claiming it's government-sponsored