Seismology studies ground motions to predict future earthquakes. Earthquakes cause greatest damage through structure collapse. Ground motions follow predictable patterns with variable detail. Initial P waves followed by S waves with fault-related pulse
Book covers fundamentals of soil dynamics and earthquake engineering. Earthquakes are characterized by magnitude, intensity, and energy. India experiences earthquakes in Peninsular, Himalayan, and North-Eastern regions
Engineering geology applies geology to engineering for structural design and construction. Engineers assess geological factors affecting engineering works and structures. Primary goal is protecting life and property from geological damage
PGA is the maximum ground acceleration during earthquake shaking at a location. Measured in three directions: vertical and two horizontal components. Can be expressed in g, m/s², or Gal units
North Anatolian Fault runs 1200 km from Karliova to Marmara Sea. Fault separates Anatolian plate from Eurasian plate. Fault accommodates 24 mm/yr transform movement. Fault is younger towards west, with northern strand up to 1-few million years old
Main Marmara Fault cuts Marmara Sea from east to west. Fault segmentation model developed based on recent bathymetric data. Region shows potential seismic gaps in central Marmara Sea