T beams have T-shaped compression zones. TS500 recommends 0.8 for continuous beams on exterior, 0.6 for interior spans. Maximum reinforcement ratio should not exceed 0.02. Maximum redistribution percentage is 10% for earthquake zones
Earthquakes are sudden ground shaking caused by rock shifting underground. High-risk areas include Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Washington and Mississippi River Valley. Best preparation is before the earthquake occurs. Build emergency supplies and consider earthquake insurance. Fix building structural issues before the earthquake
CEN approved this European Standard on April 23, 2004. Available in English, French, and German versions. CEN members must comply with national standard requirements
ASCE/SEI 7 categorizes structures based on material, ductility, and earthquake resistance. Six main structural systems: bearing walls, braced frames, moment frames, dual systems, cantilever columns. Special and intermediate systems can be designed with reduced strength but rigorous detailing
Tsunami is a series of waves caused by large water displacement in oceans or lakes. Can be generated by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts. Unlike normal waves, tsunamis have wavelengths up to 200 kilometers
Earthquake engineering designs structures to withstand earthquakes while maintaining acceptable damage. Seismic loading occurs at structures' contact with ground, adjacent structures, or tsunami waves. Structures must be safe and serviceable during earthquake exposure