Stem is one of two main structural axes of vascular plants. Divided into nodes (leaf attachment points) and internodes. Contains dermal, ground, and vascular tissues
Transpiration is water movement through plants and evaporation from aerial parts. Plants lose 97-99.5% of water through transpiration and guttation. Water moves through xylem by cohesion and adhesion to foliage. Stomata control water loss through opening and closing
Rhizome is a modified underground stem that sends out roots and shoots. Develops from axillary buds and grows horizontally. Contains nodes, internodes, and auxiliary buds. Stolon differs from rhizome by having longer internodes
Drupes are fruits with fleshy outer layer surrounding single hardened stone. Stone derived from ovary wall, not seed coat. Usually develop from single carpel, usually superior ovaries
Conifer cones are seed-bearing organs in gymnosperm plants. Female cones produce seeds, male cones produce pollen. Cones can be woody, conic, cylindrical, ovoid, or globular. Individual plates of cone are called scales
Asteraceae contains over 32,000 species in 1,900 genera. Family was first described in 1740 as Compositae. Most species are herbaceous, some shrubs, vines, and trees. Found worldwide except Antarctica, from subpolar to tropical regions