Raft foundation is a combined concrete slab supporting multiple columns and walls. It covers entire building area and reduces contact pressure compared to strip footings. Foundation consists of reinforced concrete slabs or inverted T-beams. Center of bearing area should be vertically under load center of gravity
Metric bolts are categorized as coarse pitch (M3-M39) or fine pitch (M8×1, M14×1.5). Coarse pitch bolts are used for general applications. Fine pitch bolts have larger stress areas through threaded parts
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel reinforcement. Steel reinforcement prevents early tensile cracking in concrete
Fourth British edition focuses on Eurocode 3 design of steel structures. Text revised to align with recent research findings. Uses SI units for most calculations, including force and stress
Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel reinforcement for improved properties. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Reinforcement prevents crack propagation and ensures structural durability
Cantilever is a static system with fixed support at one end. Common examples include balconies, traffic lights, and high-rise buildings. Cantilever can handle both bending moments and shear forces