Eight main shoe sole materials are covered in this article. Materials range from natural (leather, rope) to synthetic options. Polyurethane comes in thermoplastic and two-component forms. TPR soles are ideal for winter footwear with SBS component. Rubber soles offer waterproofing and extreme temperature resistance
Last is a mechanical form shaped like a human foot. Used by shoemakers for manufacturing and repairing shoes. Comes in simple repair lasts, mechanized mass production lasts, and custom-made lasts
Traditional shoemaking was handmade by groups of shoemakers. In 18th century, hundreds of workers worked together in shops. Shoes could be purchased within a day, priced at journeyman's wages. Industrialization began in late 19th century, replacing traditional methods