Anatolia spans from Paleolithic to classical civilisation in 1st millennium BC. Stone Age (2.5 million years ago-2000 BC) featured widespread stone tool use. Paleolithic remains found in caves including Yarimburgaz and Karain. Çatalhöyük (7250-6750 BC) is considered most advanced Neolithic settlement
Anatolian Neolithic Farmers brought agriculture to Europe and Northwest Africa. Farmers migrated from Anatolia to Europe around 7,000 BC. Genetic studies confirm farming spread through migration, not just cultural exchange. Farmers derived 80-90% ancestry from Anatolian hunter-gatherers
Ottoman Turks migrated from Central Asia to Anatolia in 13th century. Founded by Osman I, who gave them the name "Ottoman". Expanded from Söğüt to control Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East and North Africa. Conquered Constantinople in 1453, gaining control of major trade routes
Arzawa was a Western Anatolian kingdom during Late Bronze Age. Capital was Apasa, possibly located at Ayasuluk Hill near Ephesus. Kingdom included Arzawa Minor, Mira, Hapalla, Seha, and later Wilusa
Erciyes is an inactive volcano in Kayseri Province, Turkey. Reaches 3,864 meters height, making it Central Anatolia's highest volcano. Covers 1,300 square kilometers with many monogenetic vents and lava domes
Modern humans inhabited Turkey since late Paleolithic period. Anatolia contains world's oldest Neolithic sites, including Göbekli Tepe. Hittite kingdom coexisted with Palaians and Luwians between 1700-1200 BC. Phrygia established around 750 BC, later replaced by Lycians and Carians