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Genetic Dominance Types and Mechanisms

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Basic Concepts: Dominance occurs when one gene variant masks the effect of another on chromosomes
Dominant alleles are denoted by uppercase letters, recessive by lowercase letters
Mendel introduced dominance concept in 1860s, widely known in early 20th century
Types of Dominance: Complete dominance: one allele completely masks the other in heterozygous genotype
Incomplete dominance: heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between homozygous
Co-dominance: both alleles contribute to phenotype without masking
Genetic Interactions: Multiple alleles can influence dominance relationships
Epistasis involves interactions between alleles at different loci
Pleiotropic genes affect multiple characters with different dominance patterns
Examples: Peas show round (R) and wrinkled (r) seed shapes
ABO blood groups exhibit co-dominance between IA and IB alleles
Sickle-cell trait shows incomplete dominance in hemoglobin
Notation: Mendel introduced capital letters for dominant alleles
Lowercase letters used for recessive alleles
Punnett squares demonstrate dominance principles