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Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART)

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History and Basics: UART is a peripheral device for asynchronous serial communication
First UART designed by Gordon Bell for DEC's PDP series computers
Uses sampling to convert signals into digital domain for reliable timing
Common signal levels include RS-232, RS-485, and raw TTL
Technical Features: Transmits data bits sequentially from least to most significant
Contains clock generator, shift registers, and transmit/receive control
Supports three communication modes: simplex, full duplex, half duplex
Requires same settings on both transmitting and receiving sides
Hardware Implementation: Modern UARTs include on-chip buffers for higher transmission speeds
Dual, quadruple, and octal UART variants available
FIFO buffers increase data transfer rate up to 300,000 bit/s
Can be emulated using software on microcontrollers
Modern Usage: Common in microcontroller chips and automotive peripherals
USB-to-UART bridges used for RS-232 compatibility
Many internal processors have built-in UART functionality
Protocol efficiency typically 80% with 8N1 configuration