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Horn Antenna Structure and Function
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- Basic Structure and Operation
- Horn antenna consists of flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn
- Operates at frequencies above 300 MHz as feed or calibration antenna
- Provides gradual impedance matching to radiate waves efficiently
- Typical gain ranges up to 25 dBi, with 10-20 dBi being typical
- Technical Characteristics
- Wide bandwidth up to 20:1 (1 GHz to 20 GHz)
- Aperture efficiency ranges from 0.4 to 0.8
- Practical horns limited to about 15 wavelengths
- Phase error increases with horn size, limiting beamwidth
- Optimum Design
- Maximum gain achieved at flare angle between 0° and 90°
- Pyramidal horns: 15:1 horn length
- Conical horns: 15:1 horn length
- Aperture efficiency approximately 0.5 for optimum design
- Horn-Reflector Antenna
- Invented by Beck and Friis in 1941
- Combines horn with parabolic reflector at 45° angle
- Provides better sidelobe performance than standard parabolic dishes
- Used in AT&T microwave relay networks until 1970s