• Historical Development
    • Indus Valley Civilization had sewerage and drainage systems
    • Sir Hugh Dalrymple invented hollow-pipe drainage in 1753
    • Geotextile filters became common in modern drainage systems
    Modern Alternatives
    • Seattle's Street Edge Project reduces storm water by 99%
    • UK requires sustainable drainage systems since 2010
    • Slot drainage eliminates need for parallel pipework
    Construction Applications
    • Civil engineers manage drainage in construction projects
    • Point drainage requires deep excavation
    • Channel drainage uses concrete, steel, or polymer materials
    Agricultural Applications
    • Wetland soils need drainage for agriculture
    • Coastal plains require drainage for citrus cultivation
    • Drainage prevents waterlogging in clay soils
    • Irrigated land needs drainage to control soil salinity
    Historical Examples
    • Haarlemmermeer lake drained in Netherlands between 1849-1852
    • Netherlands drained lowlands to expand nation
    • Dutch farmers drained marshes for vegetable cultivation

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