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String to int Conversion Methods in C++

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Introduction: String to int conversion is common in C++ due to different object hierarchies
Six main methods exist for string to int conversion
Function-Based Methods: stoi() function converts strings to integers introduced in C++11
atoi() works only with C-style strings from <stdlib.h>
strtol() converts strings to long integers with optional base parameter
Stream-Based Method: stringstream class allows converting strings to various data types
Works with both C and C++ style strings
Input-Based Methods: sscanf() reads input from strings using format specifiers
For loop iterates through characters to convert to integers
Both methods return 0 for empty strings or non-digit characters