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OSI Model Overview and Layers

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Introduction: OSI model was developed by ISO in 1984 for network communications
Model categorizes network communications into seven conceptual layers
Originally created for industry standard but gained limited popularity
Still useful as reference and teaching tool today
Layers and Functions: Physical layer converts raw data into electrical/optical signals
Data link layer adds headers and trailers to network packets
Network layer handles logical addressing and packet routing
Transport layer provides connection-oriented (TCP) or connectionless (UDP) services
Session layer manages connections and synchronizes data flows
Presentation layer translates application data to network format
Application layer handles user-computer interaction and network services
TCP/IP Model: Internet adopted TCP/IP model instead of OSI
TCP/IP has four layers: Link, Internet, Transport, Application
Merges physical and data link layers into Link layer
Merges session, presentation, and application layers into Application layer