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Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Overview

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Basic Concepts: FPGAs are configurable integrated circuits that can be repeatedly programmed after manufacturing
They consist of programmable logic blocks with connecting grid for field configuration
Configuration is written using hardware description languages like VHDL
History and Development: First FPGA was Xilinx XC2064 in 1985, followed by Altera EP300 in 1984
Market grew rapidly in 1990s, reaching 50 million gates by 2013
By 2013, Altera, Xilinx, and Actel controlled 77% of market
Technical Features: Can implement any logical function ASICs can perform
Typically use SRAM-based programming with external boot devices
Some FPGAs include analog features like programmable slew rates
Modern FPGAs can contain embedded processors and high-speed transceivers
Applications and Security: Used in telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors
Popular for medical imaging and AI acceleration
Security features include bitstream encryption and physical unclonable functions
Some FPGAs have vulnerabilities like Starbleed in 2020
Comparison with CPLDs: FPGAs are larger and more complex than CPLDs
FPGAs require external memory, CPLDs use embedded flash
FPGAs offer faster field programming and lower engineering costs
Some designs combine both FPGA and CPLD architectures