Water-repellent materials form beads that can be easily removed from the surface
Water-resistant fabrics resist wetting for longer periods
Waterproof materials are impervious to fluids, reaching 10,000-15,000 mm water column
Historical Development
First waterproof fabric patented by Charles Macintosh in 1823
First waterproof breathable fabric produced during WW2 by Ventile
Gore-Tex membrane revolutionized waterproof breathable clothing in 1976
Fabric Types
Waterproof fabrics use coating or laminating technologies to cover pores
Water-repellent fabrics have open pores and are treated with hydrophobic chemicals
Water-resistant fabrics can withstand hydrostatic pressure up to 1500 mm
Applications
Mainly used for outdoor clothing and gear
Also used in home products like bedding and protective clothing
Applied in agriculture, architecture, medicine, and various industries
Advantages and Limitations
Water-repellent fabrics offer breathability and lower cost
Waterproof fabrics provide better protection but are less comfortable
Waterproof breathable fabrics combine protection and comfort
Technology continues to improve for better performance
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