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Rudder Function and Types

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Basic Concept: Rudder is a blade-type structure positioned at stern behind propeller
Steering wheel controls rudder motion, steering oar replaced manual rowing
Helmsman handles steering, rudders positioned behind ship for stability
How It Works: Rudder deflects water flow through torque created by helm
Turning rudder creates high pressure on side, turning ship about center of gravity
Effectiveness increases with water speed
Rudder moment provides small position change but generates surge and sway velocities
Types of Rudders: Balanced rudder most common, used on ferries with long stems
Semi-balanced rudder used when large rudder needed with small steering gear
Unbalanced rudder used for deep draft ships
Flaps rudder produces more side force with twisted leading edge
Pleuger rudder uses electric motor for low-speed maneuverability
Importance: Rudder has greater impact than hydrodynamic inertia on ship turning
Positioned far from center of gravity provides better control
Water flow over rudder helps steer even at rest