Free surface effect causes liquids to move in response to ship movements
Partially filled tanks create virtual loss of vessel's center of gravity
Free surface correction (FSC) quantifies stability impact of liquid movement
Tank Types and Effects
Completely filled tanks have no effect on vessel stability
Slack tanks cause liquid to move towards lower side during roll
Free surface effect depends mainly on tank's length and breadth
Calculation Methods
FSC formula uses tank moment of inertia and liquid density
Formula simplifies to FSC = FSM / W
Box-shaped tanks have independent moment of inertia
Reduction Methods
Pocketing strategy allows liquid to contact tank boundaries
Swash bulkheads restrict liquid flow during vessel movements
Longitudinal tank divisions reduce FSC to 1/(n+1)^2
Important Considerations
Free surface effect remains constant between 5-95% tank filling
Quick tank filling crucial for stability
Multiple slack tanks increase total free surface effect
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