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Evolution and Nature of Human Race

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Historical Development: Race concept emerged during European colonial expansion in 16th-18th centuries
Early classifications included physical traits and national affiliations
Blumenbach proposed five major racial divisions in 1775
Scientific Critique: Modern science views race as socially constructed, not biological
Genetic variation is predominantly within races, not between them
Human populations are not geographically isolated
Genetic clusters can be derived from multilocus data
Modern Understanding: Most human differences are cultural rather than biological
Genetic variation shows no distinct racial groups exist
Average 85% genetic variation exists within local populations
African populations show highest genetic diversity
Contemporary Impact: Race has become associated with discredited scientific racism
Term "race" replaced by "populations" or "ethnic groups"
U.S. National Academies formally renounced race in genetics in 2023
Racial categories continue to influence social and legal systems